Hard Power · Strategic Infrastructure · Resource Infrastructure

Processing & Refining

Processing and refining transform raw extracted materials into refined commodities through facilities such as oil refineries, gas processing plants, smelters and mineral beneficiation plants.

Developments: 237c. 3300 BCE to 3 September 2026
With medium: 286115 very high
Nations: 85
Unverified: 1680 verified

Timeline

Every development graded as belonging to this capability, wherever it is kept: very high (about it), high (directly and substantially changes it), medium (a direct, material effect on it). A model gave the grades, reading each entry against the framework. A structured starting point, not a cited record. An entry marked unverified has not been checked against a source; tiers are assigned by a model and are not comparable between nation and capability timelines.

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